Endoleak types

Endoleaks occurs when an aneurymal sac continues to be presurised despite endoluminal stent placement. There are five types of endoleaks:

• type 1 : leak at graft ends (inadequate seal)
  • 1A : proximal
  • 1B : distal
  • 1C : iliac occluder
• type 2 : sac filling via branch vessel (eg lumbar or inferior mesenteric artery)
  • most common (80%)
  • sometimes referred to as a "retroleak"
  • enthusiastic examiners sometimes ask for the eponymous name of the large collateral artery between the IMA and SMA = Riolan's arch.
  • most spontaneously resolve and require no treatment.
  • 2A : single vessel
  • 2B : two vessels or more
• type 3 : leak through a defect in graft fabric (mechanical failure of graft)
  • 3A : junctional separation of the modular components
  • 3B : fractures or holes involving the endograft

• type 4 : a generally porous graft (intentional design of graft)
• type 5 : endotension

References:

1. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/endoleak_types

Distal radius measurements

Radial length:  10-13 mm

Radial angle:  21-25 degrees

Radial tilt:  11 degrees


Mnemonic:
Remember the number 11.
Length = 11; tilt = 11, angle = 11x2.

Adrenal lesion characterization

http://www.chestx-ray.com/StagingLungCa/Adrenal.html

CXR Report Macro

REASON FOR STUDY: [ ]

COMPARISON: [ ]

FINDINGS:

Lungs and pleural spaces are clear. No mediastinal or hilar lymph adenopathy. The cardiomediastinal silhouette is normal. No osseous lesions.

IMPRESSION: 

Normal CXR, or
No acute intra-thoracic abnormality.